The process of adjusting to current or expected climate change and its effects, in order to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities.

The fraction of solar energy reflected from a surface back into space. Ice and snow have high albedo; forests and oceans have low albedo.

The variety of life on Earth at all levels, from genes to ecosystems, and the ecological and evolutionary processes that sustain it.

The maximum amount of cumulative net global CO₂ emissions that would result in limiting global warming to a given level with a given probability.

A technology that captures CO₂ emissions from sources like power plants and industrial facilities, transporting and storing it underground to prevent atmospheric release.

The process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide, either through biological processes (forests, soil) or technological means.

An economic model that aims to eliminate waste and the continual use of resources through sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing, and recycling.

The reduction of carbon dioxide emissions through the use of low-carbon power sources, achieving a lower output of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

The benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems, including provisioning services (food, water), regulating services (climate regulation), and cultural services.

The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, or income with respect to environmental laws, regulations, and policies.

Non-renewable energy sources formed from the remains of ancient organisms, including coal, oil, and natural gas. Their combustion is the primary driver of climate change.

Hydrogen produced by splitting water using renewable electricity. It produces zero direct carbon emissions and is key for decarbonizing heavy industry.

The practice of making misleading claims about the environmental benefits of a product, service, technology, or company practice.

A framework for ensuring that the shift to a sustainable economy is fair and inclusive, providing decent work and quality jobs for all affected workers and communities.

The negative impacts of climate change that cannot be avoided through mitigation or adaptation, particularly in vulnerable developing countries.

Actions to reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions, such as transitioning to renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, or protecting forests.

A climate action plan submitted by each country under the Paris Agreement outlining their targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate impacts.

Achieving a balance between the greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere and those removed from it, resulting in no net increase in atmospheric concentrations.

A legally binding international treaty on climate change adopted in 2015, with the goal of limiting global warming to well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C.

Energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a rate faster than they are consumed, including solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass.

A critical threshold in the climate system that, when exceeded, leads to significant and often irreversible changes, such as ice sheet collapse or permafrost thaw.